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Do Computers Use A Specifically Sized Byte

Written By Tuesday, April 19, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Unit of measurement of digital information ordinarily consisting of eight $.25

byte
Unit system unit derived from bit
Unit of measurement of digital information, data size
Symbol B or o (when 8 bits)

The byte is a unit of digital information that well-nigh ordinarily consists of eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single grapheme of text in a computer[1] [2] and for this reason information technology is the smallest addressable unit of retentivity in many computer architectures. To disambiguate arbitrarily sized bytes from the common viii-bit definition, network protocol documents such as The Net Protocol (RFC 791) refer to an 8-bit byte as an octet.[3] Those bits in an octet are commonly counted with numbering from 0 to 7 or 7 to 0 depending on the flake endianness. The first bit is number 0, making the 8th scrap number 7.

The size of the byte has historically been hardware-dependent and no definitive standards existed that mandated the size. Sizes from i to 48 bits have been used.[4] [5] [vi] [7] The six-fleck grapheme code was an ofttimes-used implementation in early encoding systems, and computers using six-bit and 9-chip bytes were common in the 1960s. These systems ofttimes had retentiveness words of 12, eighteen, 24, thirty, 36, 48, or 60 $.25, corresponding to two, iii, 4, 5, 6, 8, or x six-bit bytes. In this era, chip groupings in the instruction stream were often referred to as syllables [a] or slab, before the term byte became common.

The modernistic de facto standard of eight bits, as documented in ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993, is a convenient ability of two permitting the binary-encoded values 0 through 255 for one byte—2 to the power of 8 is 256.[8] The international standard IEC 80000-xiii codified this mutual significant. Many types of applications use information representable in eight or fewer bits and processor designers commonly optimize for this usage. The popularity of major commercial computing architectures has aided in the ubiquitous acceptance of the 8-bit byte.[9] Modern architectures typically use 32- or 64-bit words, congenital of four or eight bytes, respectively.

The unit symbol for the byte was designated as the capital letter B by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).[ten] Internationally, the unit octet, symbol o, explicitly defines a sequence of viii bits, eliminating the potential ambiguity of the term "byte".[eleven] [12]

Etymology and history [edit]

The term byte was coined by Werner Buchholz in June 1956,[4] [13] [fourteen] [b] during the early blueprint phase for the IBM Stretch[15] [sixteen] [1] [13] [xiv] [17] [xviii] computer, which had addressing to the bit and variable field length (VFL) instructions with a byte size encoded in the instruction.[13] It is a deliberate respelling of bite to avoid accidental mutation to flake.[1] [xiii] [19] [c]

Some other origin of byte for chip groups smaller than a reckoner'southward word size, and in particular groups of four bits, is on record by Louis Thousand. Dooley, who claimed he coined the term while working with Jules Schwartz and Dick Beeler on an air defense system called SAGE at MIT Lincoln Laboratory in 1956 or 1957, which was jointly developed by Rand, MIT, and IBM.[xx] [21] Afterwards on, Schwartz'southward language JOVIAL actually used the term, merely the author recalled vaguely that it was derived from AN/FSQ-31.[22] [21]

Early computers used a multifariousness of four-scrap binary-coded decimal (BCD) representations and the six-bit codes for printable graphic patterns common in the U.S. Ground forces (FIELDATA) and Navy. These representations included alphanumeric characters and special graphical symbols. These sets were expanded in 1963 to seven bits of coding, called the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) as the Federal Information Processing Standard, which replaced the incompatible teleprinter codes in use by dissimilar branches of the U.S. regime and universities during the 1960s. ASCII included the distinction of upper- and lowercase alphabets and a set of command characters to facilitate the transmission of written language too as printing device functions, such as page accelerate and line feed, and the physical or logical control of data flow over the transmission media.[18] During the early 1960s, while also agile in ASCII standardization, IBM simultaneously introduced in its product line of Organization/360 the eight-bit Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC), an expansion of their 6-bit binary-coded decimal (BCDIC) representations[d] used in earlier carte punches.[23] The prominence of the Organization/360 led to the ubiquitous adoption of the viii-bit storage size,[18] [16] [13] while in item the EBCDIC and ASCII encoding schemes are different.

In the early on 1960s, AT&T introduced digital telephony on long-altitude trunk lines. These used the viii-bit μ-law encoding. This large investment promised to reduce transmission costs for eight-chip information.

The development of 8-bit microprocessors in the 1970s popularized this storage size. Microprocessors such as the Intel 8008, the straight predecessor of the 8080 and the 8086, used in early personal computers, could also perform a pocket-sized number of operations on the iv-bit pairs in a byte, such as the decimal-add-adjust (DAA) instruction. A 4-bit quantity is ofttimes chosen a nibble, also nybble, which is conveniently represented by a single hexadecimal digit.

The term octet is used to unambiguously specify a size of eight bits.[xviii] [12] It is used extensively in protocol definitions.

Historically, the term octad or octade was used to denote eight bits as well at least in Western Europe;[24] [25] however, this usage is no longer common. The exact origin of the term is unclear, but it tin can exist found in British, Dutch, and German language sources of the 1960s and 1970s, and throughout the documentation of Philips mainframe computers.

Unit of measurement symbol [edit]

The unit symbol for the byte is specified in IEC 80000-xiii, IEEE 1541 and the Metric Interchange Format[10] equally the upper-case graphic symbol B.

In the International Organization of Quantities (ISQ), B is the symbol of the bel, a unit of logarithmic ability ratio named after Alexander Graham Bell, creating a conflict with the IEC specification. However, little danger of confusion exists, considering the bel is a rarely used unit. It is used primarily in its decadic fraction, the decibel (dB), for signal force and audio pressure level measurements, while a unit for one-tenth of a byte, the decibyte, and other fractions, are only used in derived units, such as manual rates.

The lowercase letter of the alphabet o for octet is defined equally the symbol for octet in IEC 80000-13 and is commonly used in languages such as French[26] and Romanian, and is also combined with metric prefixes for multiples, for example ko and Mo.

Multiple-byte units [edit]

  • 5
  • t
  • east
Multiple-byte units
Decimal
Value Metric
1000 kB kilobyte
1000ii MB megabyte
thou3 GB gigabyte
1000iv TB terabyte
10005 Pb petabyte
ghalf-dozen EB exabyte
thou7 ZB zettabyte
10008 YB yottabyte
Binary
Value IEC
1024 KiB kibibyte KB kilobyte
10242 MiB mebibyte MB megabyte
10243 GiB gibibyte GB gigabyte
10244 TiB tebibyte TB terabyte
10245 PiB pebibyte –
10246 EiB exbibyte –
10247 ZiB zebibyte –
1024viii YiB yobibyte –
Orders of magnitude of data

More than one organization exists to define larger units based on the byte. Some systems are based on powers of ten; other systems are based on powers of 2. Classification for these systems has been the subject of confusion. Systems based on powers of x reliably use standard SI prefixes (kilo, mega, giga, ...) and their respective symbols (k, M, Grand, ...). Systems based on powers of 2, however, might use binary prefixes (kibi, mebi, gibi, ...) and their corresponding symbols (Ki, Mi, Gi, ...) or they might use the prefixes K, Yard, and G, creating ambiguity.

While the numerical divergence between the decimal and binary interpretations is relatively small for the kilobyte (about ii% smaller than the kibibyte), the systems deviate increasingly equally units grow larger (the relative deviation grows by ii.4% for each iii orders of magnitude). For instance, a ability-of-ten-based yottabyte is most 17% smaller than power-of-2-based yobibyte.

Units based on powers of x [edit]

Definition of prefixes using powers of x—in which 1 kilobyte (symbol kB) is divers to equal 1,000 bytes—is recommended by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).[27] The IEC standard defines eight such multiples, up to 1 yottabyte (YB), equal to 10008 bytes.

This definition is about ordinarily used for data-rate units in calculator networks, internal bus, hard drive and wink media transfer speeds, and for the capacities of most storage media, peculiarly hard drives,[28] flash-based storage,[29] and DVDs[ citation needed ]. Operating systems that use this definition include macOS,[thirty] iOS,[30] Ubuntu,[31] and Debian.[32] It is too consistent with the other uses of the SI prefixes in calculating, such as CPU clock speeds or measures of performance.

Units based on powers of 2 [edit]

A system of units based on powers of 2 in which 1 kibibyte (KiB) is equal to 1,024 (i.e., 2ten) bytes is defined by international standard IEC 80000-13 and is supported by national and international standards bodies (BIPM, IEC, NIST). The IEC standard defines eight such multiples, upwardly to 1 yobibyte (YiB), equal to 1024viii bytes.

An alternate system of classification for the same units (referred to here equally the customary convention), in which 1 kilobyte (KB) is equal to 1,024 bytes,[33] [34] [35] one megabyte (MB) is equal to 10242 bytes and i gigabyte (GB) is equal to 10243 bytes is mentioned past a 1990s JEDEC standard. But the start three multiples (up to GB) are mentioned by the JEDEC standard, which makes no mention of TB and larger. The customary convention is used by the Microsoft Windows operating organization[36] [ meliorate source needed ] and random-access memory capacity, such as main retentiveness and CPU cache size, and in marketing and billing by telecommunications companies, such as Vodafone,[37] AT&T,[38] Orange[39] and Telstra.[40]

This definition was used by Apple Inc. operating systems prior to Mac OS Ten Snow Leopard and iOS 10 before switching to units based on powers of ten.[xxx]

Parochial units [edit]

Various reckoner vendors accept coined terms for data of diverse sizes, sometimes with different sizes for the same term even within a single vendor. These terms include double word, half give-and-take, long word, quad word, slab, superword and syllable. There are also informal terms. east.g., half byte and nybble for iv $.25, octal One thousand for 1000eight.

History of the alien definitions [edit]

Percent departure between decimal and binary interpretations of the unit prefixes grows with increasing storage size

Contemporary[east] estimator memory has a binary architecture making a definition of retention units based on powers of ii virtually practical. The use of the metric prefix kilo for binary multiples arose as a convenience, because 1,024 is approximately 1,000.[41] This definition was popular in early decades of personal computing, with products like the Tandon five i⁄4 -inch DD floppy format (holding 368,640 bytes) beingness advertised equally "360 KB", following the 1,024-byte convention. It was not universal, however. The Shugart SA-400 v one⁄four -inch floppy disk held 109,375 bytes unformatted,[42] and was advertised equally "110 Kbyte", using the 1000 convention.[43] Likewise, the 8-inch Dec RX01 floppy (1975) held 256,256 bytes formatted, and was advertised as "256k".[44] Other disks were advertised using a mixture of the two definitions: notably, three+ 1⁄2 -inch HD disks advertised equally "one.44 MB" in fact take a capacity of i,440 KiB, the equivalent of 1.47 MB or i.41 MiB.

In 1995, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemical science's (IUPAC) Interdivisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols attempted to resolve this ambiguity by proposing a set of binary prefixes for the powers of 1024, including kibi (kilobinary), mebi (megabinary), and gibi (gigabinary).[45] [46]

In December 1998, the IEC addressed such multiple usages and definitions by adopting the IUPAC'southward proposed prefixes (kibi, mebi, gibi, etc.) to unambiguously denote powers of 1024.[47] Thus one kibibyte (1 KiB) is 1024ane  bytes = 1024 bytes, 1 mebibyte (1 MiB) is 1024ii  bytes = 1,048,576 bytes, and so on.

In 1999, Donald Knuth suggested calling the kibibyte a "large kilobyte" (KKB).[48]

Modernistic standard definitions [edit]

The IEC adopted the IUPAC proposal and published the standard in January 1999.[49] [50] The IEC prefixes are now part of the International Organization of Quantities. The IEC further specified that the kilobyte should but exist used to refer to i,000 bytes.

Lawsuits over definition [edit]

Lawsuits arising from alleged consumer confusion over the binary and decimal definitions of multiples of the byte have mostly ended in favor of the manufacturers, with courts holding that the legal definition of gigabyte or GB is one GB = 1,000,000,000 (10nine) bytes (the decimal definition), rather than the binary definition (iixxx). Specifically, the The states Commune Court held that "the U.S. Congress has deemed the decimal definition of gigabyte to be the 'preferred' one for the purposes of 'U.Southward. trade and commerce' [...] The California Legislature has also adopted the decimal system for all 'transactions in this state.'"[51]

Before lawsuits had ended in settlement with no court ruling on the question, such as a lawsuit confronting drive manufacturer Western Digital.[52] [53] Western Digital settled the challenge and added explicit disclaimers to products that the usable capacity may differ from the advertised capacity.[52] Seagate was sued on similar grounds and also settled.[52] [54]

Practical examples [edit]

Unit of measurement Approximate equivalent
byte a basic Latin character.
kilobyte text of "Jabberwocky"
a typical favicon
megabyte text of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire [55]
gigabyte nigh one-half an hour of video[56]
CD-quality audio of Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness [ citation needed ]
terabyte the largest consumer difficult drive in 2007[57]
1080p iv:3 video of Avatar: The Final Airbender animated television series, all 61 episodes[f]
petabyte 2000 years of MP3-encoded music[58]
exabyte global monthly Internet traffic in 2004[59]
zettabyte global yearly Internet traffic in 2016[sixty]

Common uses [edit]

Many programming languages define the information type byte.

The C and C++ programming languages define byte as an "addressable unit of data storage big enough to agree any member of the basic character set of the execution surround" (clause three.6 of the C standard). The C standard requires that the integral data type unsigned char must hold at to the lowest degree 256 different values, and is represented by at to the lowest degree eight $.25 (clause five.ii.4.2.ane). Various implementations of C and C++ reserve viii, 9, xvi, 32, or 36 $.25 for the storage of a byte.[61] [62] [g] In addition, the C and C++ standards require that there are no gaps betwixt two bytes. This means as in memory is part of a byte.[63]

Java'south primitive data blazon byte is defined equally viii bits. It is a signed information type, holding values from −128 to 127.

.Internet programming languages, such every bit C#, define byte as an unsigned blazon, and the sbyte as a signed information type, holding values from 0 to 255, and −128 to 127, respectively.

In data manual systems, the byte is used equally a contiguous sequence of bits in a series data stream, representing the smallest distinguished unit of information. A transmission unit of measurement might additionally include get-go bits, cease bits, and parity bits, and thus its size may vary from seven to twelve $.25 to incorporate a single seven-bit ASCII code.[64]

See also [edit]

  • Data
  • Data hierarchy
  • Nibble
  • Octet (calculating)
  • Primitive data blazon
  • Tryte
  • Give-and-take (calculator compages)

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ The term syllable was used for bytes containing instructions or constituents of instructions, not for data bytes.
  2. ^ Many sources erroneously point a altogether of the term byte in July 1956, but Werner Buchholz claimed that the term would take been coined in June 1956. In fact, the primeval document supporting this dates from 1956-06-xi. Buchholz stated that the transition to eight-bit bytes was conceived in August 1956, but the earliest document institute using this notion dates from September 1956.
  3. ^ Some later machines, e.m., Burroughs B1700, CDC 3600, December PDP-half-dozen, Dec PDP-10 had the ability to operate on arbitrary bytes no larger than the give-and-take size.
  4. ^ There was more than than i BCD lawmaking page.
  5. ^ Through the 1970s there were machines with decimal architectures.
  6. ^ Video is encoded at a bitrate of 27.80 Mbit/s, with a runtime of one,403 min[65] (84180 seconds) resulting in an guess size of 0.2925 terabytes
  7. ^ The actual number of bits in a particular implementation is documented as CHAR_BIT every bit implemented in the file limits.h.

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c Blaauw, Gerrit Anne; Brooks, Jr., Frederick Phillips; Buchholz, Werner (1962), "four: Natural Data Units" (PDF), in Buchholz, Werner (ed.), Planning a Computer Organization – Project Stretch, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. / The Maple Press Visitor, York, PA., pp. 39–40, LCCN 61-10466, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-03, retrieved 2017-04-03 , Terms used hither to describe the structure imposed by the automobile design, in add-on to chip, are listed below.
    Byte denotes a group of bits used to encode a character, or the number of bits transmitted in parallel to and from input-output units. A term other than character is used here considering a given graphic symbol may be represented in different applications past more than than ane lawmaking, and unlike codes may employ different numbers of $.25 (i.east., different byte sizes). In input-output transmission the grouping of bits may exist completely arbitrary and have no relation to bodily characters. (The term is coined from bite, but respelled to avert accidental mutation to bit.)
    A give-and-take consists of the number of data bits transmitted in parallel from or to memory in one memory cycle. Word size is thus divers as a structural holding of the memory. (The term catena was coined for this purpose by the designers of the Bull GAMMA 60 [fr] figurer.)
    Block refers to the number of words transmitted to or from an input-output unit in response to a single input-output teaching. Block size is a structural property of an input-output unit; it may accept been fixed by the design or left to be varied by the program.
  2. ^ Bemer, Robert William (1959), "A proposal for a generalized carte du jour code of 256 characters", Communications of the ACM, 2 (9): xix–23, doi:10.1145/368424.368435, S2CID 36115735
  3. ^ Postel, J. (September 1981). Cyberspace Protocol DARPA INTERNET Programme PROTOCOL SPECIFICATION. p. 43. doi:x.17487/RFC0791. RFC 791. Retrieved 28 August 2020. octet An eight bit byte.
  4. ^ a b Buchholz, Werner (1956-06-xi). "7. The Shift Matrix" (PDF). The Link System. IBM. pp. v–half dozen. Stretch Memo No. 39G. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2016-04-04 . […] Most important, from the point of view of editing, will exist the ability to handle whatever characters or digits, from ane to 6 bits long.
    Figure 2 shows the Shift Matrix to be used to catechumen a 60-flake word, coming from Retention in parallel, into characters, or 'bytes' as we have called them, to be sent to the Adder serially. The 60 bits are dumped into magnetic cores on half dozen different levels. Thus, if a 1 comes out of position 9, information technology appears in all six cores underneath. Pulsing any diagonal line volition ship the six bits stored forth that line to the Adder. The Adder may accept all or only some of the $.25.
    Assume that it is desired to operate on iv bit decimal digits, starting at the correct. The 0-diagonal is pulsed offset, sending out the six $.25 0 to v, of which the Adder accepts just the first iv (0–3). Bits 4 and five are ignored. Next, the four diagonal is pulsed. This sends out bits 4 to 9, of which the terminal two are once more ignored, so on.
    It is but equally piece of cake to utilise all six bits in alphanumeric work, or to handle bytes of simply ane bit for logical analysis, or to offset the bytes by whatever number of bits. All this can be done by pulling the appropriate shift diagonals. An analogous matrix arrangement is used to modify from serial to parallel performance at the output of the adder. […]
  5. ^ 3600 Figurer Organization – Reference Manual (PDF). M. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: Control Data Corporation (CDC). 1966-x-11 [1965]. 60021300. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-05. Retrieved 2017-04-05 . Byte – A division of a computer word. (NB. Discusses 12-bit, 24-bit and 48-scrap bytes.)
  6. ^ Rao, Thammavaram R. Due north.; Fujiwara, Eiji (1989). McCluskey, Edward J. (ed.). Error-Command Coding for Calculator Systems. Prentice Hall Serial in Figurer Engineering (i ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN0-13-283953-ix. LCCN 88-17892. (NB. Case of the usage of a code for "four-bit bytes".)
  7. ^ Tafel, Hans Jörg (1971). Einführung in die digitale Datenverarbeitung [Introduction to digital information processing] (in German language). Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag. p. 300. ISBN3-446-10569-7. Byte = zusammengehörige Folge von i.a. neun Bits; davon sind acht Datenbits, das neunte ein Prüfbit (NB. Defines a byte equally a grouping of typically 9 bits; 8 data $.25 plus 1 parity bit.)
  8. ^ ISO/IEC 2382-1: 1993, It – Vocabulary – Part 1: Central terms. 1993. byte
    A string that consists of a number of $.25, treated as a unit of measurement, and commonly representing a graphic symbol or a function of a character.
    NOTES
    one The number of bits in a byte is stock-still for a given data processing system.
    2 The number of $.25 in a byte is usually 8.
  9. ^ "Computer History Museum – Exhibits – Internet History – 1964: Internet History 1962 to 1992". Figurer History Museum. 2017 [2015]. Archived from the original on 2017-04-03. Retrieved 2017-04-03 .
  10. ^ a b Jaffer, Aubrey (2011) [2008]. "Metric-Interchange-Format". Archived from the original on 2017-04-03. Retrieved 2017-04-03 .
  11. ^ Kozierok, Charles G. (2005-09-20) [2001]. "The TCP/IP Guide – Binary Information and Representation: Bits, Bytes, Nibbles, Octets and Characters – Byte versus Octet". 3.0. Archived from the original on 2017-04-03. Retrieved 2017-04-03 .
  12. ^ a b ISO 2382-four, Arrangement of data (two ed.). byte, octet, eight-chip byte: A cord that consists of 8 bits.
  13. ^ a b c d e Buchholz, Werner (February 1977). "The Word 'Byte' Comes of Age..." Byte Magazine. 2 (2): 144. […] The start reference found in the files was contained in an internal memo written in June 1956 during the early on days of developing Stretch. A byte was described as consisting of any number of parallel bits from 1 to six. Thus a byte was assumed to have a length appropriate for the occasion. Its first apply was in the context of the input-output equipment of the 1950s, which handled 6 $.25 at a time. The possibility of going to viii fleck bytes was considered in August 1956 and incorporated in the design of Stretch shortly thereafter. The first published reference to the term occurred in 1959 in a newspaper 'Processing Data in Bits and Pieces' by Yard A Blaauw, F P Brooks Jr and W Buchholz in the IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers, June 1959, page 121. The notions of that paper were elaborated in Affiliate 4 of Planning a Calculator System (Project Stretch), edited by W Buchholz, McGraw-Hill Book Company (1962). The rationale for coining the term was explained there on page 40 equally follows:
    Byte denotes a group of bits used to encode a character, or the number of bits transmitted in parallel to and from input-output units. A term other than character is used here because a given graphic symbol may exist represented in different applications by more than than one code, and different codes may utilize unlike numbers of bits (ie, unlike byte sizes). In input-output transmission the grouping of bits may be completely arbitrary and have no relation to actual characters. (The term is coined from bite, but respelled to avoid adventitious mutation to bit.)
    System/360 took over many of the Stretch concepts, including the basic byte and give-and-take sizes, which are powers of 2. For economy, yet, the byte size was stock-still at the 8 bit maximum, and addressing at the scrap level was replaced by byte addressing. […]
  14. ^ a b "Timeline of the IBM Stretch/Harvest era (1956–1961)". Calculator History Museum. June 1956. Archived from the original on 2016-04-29. Retrieved 2017-04-03 . 1956 Summer: Gerrit Blaauw, Fred Brooks, Werner Buchholz, John Cocke and Jim Pomerene join the Stretch team. Lloyd Hunter provides transistor leadership.
    1956 July [sic]: In a report Werner Buchholz lists the advantages of a 64-bit word length for Stretch. It also supports NSA's requirement for 8-scrap bytes. Werner's term "Byte" first popularized in this memo.         (NB. This timeline erroneously specifies the nativity date of the term "byte" as July 1956, while Buchholz actually used the term as early as June 1956.)
  15. ^ Buchholz, Werner (1956-07-31). "five. Input-Output" (PDF). Retention Word Length. IBM. p. 2. Stretch Memo No. 40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2016-04-04 . […] 60 is a multiple of one, ii, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Hence bytes of length from 1 to 6 bits can be packed efficiently into a sixty-bit give-and-take without having to split a byte betwixt one word and the next. If longer bytes were needed, 60 $.25 would, of grade, no longer exist ideal. With present applications, i, four, and 6 bits are the really of import cases.
    With 64-bit words, it would ofttimes be necessary to brand some compromises, such every bit leaving 4 bits unused in a word when dealing with 6-flake bytes at the input and output. Nevertheless, the LINK Computer can exist equipped to edit out these gaps and to permit handling of bytes which are dissever between words. […]
  16. ^ a b Buchholz, Werner (1956-09-19). "two. Input-Output Byte Size" (PDF). Memory Word Length and Indexing. IBM. p. 1. Stretch Memo No. 45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2016-04-04 . […] The maximum input-output byte size for series operation volition now be 8 bits, non counting whatsoever error detection and correction bits. Thus, the Substitution will operate on an 8-flake byte footing, and whatever input-output units with less than 8 $.25 per byte will get out the remaining bits bare. The resultant gaps can exist edited out later by programming […]
  17. ^ Raymond, Eric Steven (2017) [2003]. "byte definition". Archived from the original on 2017-04-03. Retrieved 2017-04-03 .
  18. ^ a b c d Bemer, Robert William (2000-08-08). "Why is a byte 8 bits? Or is it?". Computer History Vignettes. Archived from the original on 2017-04-03. Retrieved 2017-04-03 . […] I came to work for IBM, and saw all the defoliation acquired by the 64-character limitation. Especially when nosotros started to recollect about give-and-take processing, which would require both upper and lower case. […] I even made a proposal (in view of STRETCH, the very offset reckoner I know of with an 8-bit byte) that would extend the number of punch card character codes to 256 […]. And then some folks started thinking about 7-bit characters, but this was ridiculous. With IBM's STRETCH computer as groundwork, treatment 64-graphic symbol words divisible into groups of 8 (I designed the grapheme gear up for it, under the guidance of Dr. Werner Buchholz, the man who DID coin the term 'byte' for an viii-bit grouping). […] It seemed reasonable to make a universal eight-fleck character ready, handling up to 256. In those days my mantra was 'powers of ii are magic'. So the group I headed developed and justified such a proposal […] The IBM 360 used 8-fleck characters, although not ASCII directly. Thus Buchholz's 'byte' caught on everywhere. I myself did non like the name for many reasons. The design had eight bits moving around in parallel. But then came a new IBM part, with 9 bits for self-checking, both inside the CPU and in the tape drives. I exposed this ix-bit byte to the press in 1973. But long before that, when I headed software operations for Cie. Bull in French republic in 1965–66, I insisted that 'byte' be deprecated in favor of 'octet'. […] It is justified by new communications methods that can carry 16, 32, 64, and even 128 bits in parallel. Merely some foolish people now refer to a '16-bit byte' because of this parallel transfer, which is visible in the UNICODE set. I'm not certain, just perchance this should be called a 'hextet'. […]
  19. ^ Blaauw, Gerrit Anne; Brooks, Jr., Frederick Phillips; Buchholz, Werner (June 1959). "Processing Data in Bits and Pieces". IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers: 121.
  20. ^ Dooley, Louis G. (Feb 1995). "Byte: The Word". BYTE. Ocala, FL, U.s.a.. Archived from the original on 1996-12-twenty. […] The word byte was coined effectually 1956 to 1957 at MIT Lincoln Laboratories within a project chosen SAGE (the North American Air Defence System), which was jointly developed past Rand, Lincoln Labs, and IBM. In that era, computer memory structure was already defined in terms of word size. A give-and-take consisted of x number of bits; a bit represented a binary notational position in a discussion. Operations typically operated on all the $.25 in the full word.
    We coined the give-and-take byte to refer to a logical set of $.25 less than a total give-and-take size. At that fourth dimension, it was not divers specifically every bit 10 bits simply typically referred to equally a set of 4 bits, equally that was the size of near of our coded data items. Shortly later on, I went on to other responsibilities that removed me from SAGE. After having spent many years in Asia, I returned to the U.S. and was bemused to find out that the word byte was being used in the new microcomputer technology to refer to the basic addressable memory unit.         (NB. According to his son, Dooley wrote to him: "On good days, we would have the XD-1 up and running and all the programs doing the correct affair, and we then had some fourth dimension to just sit and talk idly, as nosotros waited for the estimator to stop doing its affair. On one such occasion, I coined the word "byte", they (Jules Schwartz and Dick Beeler) liked information technology, and nosotros began using it amid ourselves. The origin of the word was a need for referencing only a part of the word length of the computer, but a role larger than just one chip...Many programs had to admission but a specific 4-bit segment of the full discussion...I wanted a name for this smaller segment of the fuller word. The word "bit" pb to "bite" (meaningfully less than the whole), but for a unique spelling, "i" could be "y", and thus the give-and-take "byte" was born.")
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    JOHN GOODENOUGH: Yous mentioned that the term "byte" is used in JOVIAL. Where did the term come from?
    JULES SCHWARTZ (inventor of JOVIAL): As I call back, the AN/FSQ-31, a totally different reckoner than the 709, was byte oriented. I don't recall for sure, but I'yard reasonably certain the description of that computer included the give-and-take "byte," and we used it.
    FRED BROOKS: May I speak to that? Werner Buchholz coined the word as function of the definition of STRETCH, and the AN/FSQ-31 picked it up from STRETCH, only Werner is very definitely the author of that give-and-take.
    SCHWARTZ: That's right. Thank y'all.
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Further reading [edit]

  • Programming with the PDP-x Instruction Ready (PDF). PDP-10 Organization Reference Manual. Vol. i. Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). August 1969. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-04-05. Retrieved 2017-04-05 .
  • Ashley Taylor. "$.25 and Bytes." Stanford. https://web.stanford.edu/class/cs101/bits-bytes.html

Do Computers Use A Specifically Sized Byte,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte

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